Petra

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This article is about the Jordanian ancient city of Petra.
For other uses, see Petra
(disambiguation).

Petra

The
Treasury at Petra

Location:

Ma'an
Governorate, Jordan

Coordinates:

30°19′43″N 35°26′31″E / 30.32861°N
35.44194°E / 30.32861;
35.44194Coordinates:
30°19′43″N 35°26′31″E / 30.32861°N
35.44194°E / 30.32861;
35.44194

Elevation:

810 m (2,657 ft)

Settled:

7000 BC[1]

Built:

1200 BC[1]

Visitation:

580,000 (in 2007)

Governing body:

Petra Region Authority

UNESCO World
Heritage Site

Type:

Cultural

Criteria:

i, iii, iv

Designated:

1985 (9th session)

Reference #:

326

State Party:

Jordan

Region:

Arab
States

Website:

http://www.petrapark.com/

Location of Petra in
Jordan

Petra (Greek "πέτρα" (petra),
meaning rock; Arabic: البتراء,
Al-Batrāʾ) is a historical and archaeological city in the
Jordanian
governorate of Ma'an that is famous
for its rock cut
architecture and water conduits system. Established sometime around the
6th century BC as the capital city of the Nabataeans,[2]
it is a symbol of Jordan as well as its most visited tourist attraction.[2]
It lies on the slope of Mount Hor[3]
in a basin among the
mountains which form the eastern flank of Arabah (Wadi Araba), the large
valley running from the Dead Sea to the Gulf of
Aqaba. Petra has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site
since 1985.

The site remained unknown to the Western world until 1812,
when it was introduced by Swiss explorer Johann Ludwig
Burckhardt. It was described as "a rose-red city half as old as time" in a
Newdigate Prize-winning
poem by John William Burgon.
UNESCO has described it as "one of the most precious cultural properties of
man's cultural heritage".[4]
Petra was chosen by the BBC as one of "the 40 places
you have to see before you die".[5]

Contents

1 Geography

2 History

2.1 Roman
rule

2.2 Decline

2.3 T. E. Lawrence (Lawrence of
Arabia)

2.4 Religion

3 Threats to
Petra

4 Petra today

5 In popular
culture

6 Sister
cities

7 Gallery

8 See also

9 Notes

10 References

11 External
links

[edit]
Geography

Pliny the Elder and
other writers identify Petra as the capital of the Nabataeans and the center of
their caravan trade. Enclosed by
towering rocks and watered by a perennial stream, Petra not only possessed the
advantages of a fortress, but controlled the main commercial routes which passed
through it to Gaza in
the west, to Bosra
and Damascus
in the north, to Aqaba and Leuce
Come on the Red Sea, and across the desert
to the Persian Gulf.

Excavations have demonstrated that it was the ability of the Nabataeans to
control the water supply that led to the rise of the desert city, creating an
artificial oasis.
The area is visited by flash floods and
archaeological evidence demonstrates the Nabataeans controlled these floods by
the use of dams, cisterns and water
conduits. These innovations stored water for prolonged periods of drought, and
enabled the city to prosper from its sale.[6][7]

The end of the Siq, with its dramatic view of Al Khazneh
("The Treasury")

Map of Petra

Although in ancient times Petra might have been approached from the south on
a track leading around Jabal Haroun ("Aaron's Mountain"), across the plain of
Petra, or possibly from the high plateau to the north, most modern visitors
approach the site from the east. The impressive eastern entrance leads steeply
down through a dark, narrow gorge (in places only 3–4 m (9.8–13 ft) wide) called
the Siq ("the
shaft"), a natural geological feature formed from a deep split in the sandstone
rocks and serving as a waterway flowing into Wadi Musa. At the end of the
narrow gorge stands Petra's most elaborate ruin, Al Khazneh (popularly known
as "the Treasury"), hewn into the sandstone cliff.

A little further from the Treasury, at the foot of the mountain called
en-Nejr, is a massive theatre, so placed as to bring the greatest number
of tombs within view. At the point where the valley opens out into the plain,
the site of the city is revealed with striking effect. The amphitheatre has been cut
into the hillside and into several of the tombs during its construction.
Rectangular gaps in the seating are still visible. Almost enclosing it on three
sides are rose-coloured mountain walls, divided into groups by deep fissures,
and lined with knobs cut from the rock in the form of towers.

[edit]
History

Byzantine mosaic in the Byzantine Church of
Petra

Evidence suggests that settlements had begun in and around Petra in the eighteenth
dynasty of Egypt (1550-1292 BC). It is listed in Egyptian campaign accounts
and the Amarna letters as Pel,
Sela or Seir. Though the city was founded relatively late, a sanctuary existed
there since very ancient times. Stations 19 through 26 of the stations list of
Exodus are places
associated with Petra.[8]
This part of the country was Biblically assigned to the Horites, the
predecessors of the Edomites.[9]
The habits of the original natives may have influenced the Nabataean custom of
burying the dead and offering worship in half-excavated caves. Although Petra is
usually identified with Sela which means a
rock, the Biblical references[10]
refer to it as "the cleft in the rock", referring to its entrance. The second
book of Kings xiv. 7 seems to be
more specific. In the parallel passage, however, Sela is understood to mean
simply "the rock" (2 Chronicles xxv. 12,
see LXX).

On the authority of Josephus (Antiquities of the
Jews iv. 7, 1~ 4, 7) Eusebius and Jerome (Onom.
sacr. 286, 71. 145, 9; 228, 55. 287, 94) assert that Rekem was the
native name and Rekem appears in the Dead Sea Scrolls[11]
as a prominent Edom site most closely describing Petra and associated with Mount
Seir. But in the Aramaic versions Rekem
is the name of Kadesh, implying that
Josephus may have confused the two places. Sometimes the Aramaic versions give
the form Rekem-Geya which recalls the name of the village El-ji,
southeast of Petra.[citation
needed] The Semitic name of the city, if not
Sela, remains unknown. The passage in Diodorus Siculus (xix.
94–97) which describes the expeditions which Antigonus sent
against the Nabataeans in 312 BC is understood to throw some light upon the
history of Petra, but the "petra" referred to as a natural fortress and place of
refuge cannot be a proper name and the description implies that the town was not
yet in existence.

The name "Rekem" was inscribed in the rock wall of the Wadi Musa opposite the
entrance to the Siq,[12]
but about twenty years ago the Jordanians built a bridge over the wadi and this
inscription was buried beneath tons of concrete[citation
needed].

More satisfactory evidence of the date of the earliest Nabataean settlement
may be obtained from an examination of the tombs. Two types have been
distinguished: the Nabataean and the Greco-Roman. The
Nabataean type starts from the simple pylon-tomb with a
door set in a tower crowned by a parapet ornament, in imitation of the front of
a dwelling-house. Then, after passing through various stages, the full Nabataean
type is reached, retaining all the native features and at the same time
exhibiting characteristics which are partly Egyptian and partly Greek. Of this type there
exist close parallels in the tomb-towers at el-I~ejr in north Arabia, which bear
long Nabataean inscriptions and supply a date for the corresponding monuments at
Petra. Then comes a series of tombfronts which terminate in a semicircular arch,
a feature derived from north Syria. Finally come the elaborate
façades copied from the front of a Roman temple; however, all
traces of native style have vanished. The exact dates of the stages in this
development cannot be fixed. Few inscriptions of any length have been found at
Petra, perhaps because they have perished with the stucco or cement which was used
upon many of the buildings. The simple pylon-tombs which belong to the
pre-Hellenic age serve as evidence for the earliest period. It is not known how
far back in this stage the Nabataean settlement goes, but it does not go back
farther than the 6th century BC.

Urn Tomb

A period follows in which the dominant civilization combines Greek, Egyptian
and Syrian elements, clearly pointing to the age of the Ptolemies. Towards the
close of the 2nd century BC, when the Ptolemaic and Seleucid kingdoms were
equally depressed, the Nabataean kingdom came to the front. Under Aretas III
Philhellene, (c.85–60 BC), the royal coins begin. The theatre was probably
excavated at that time, and Petra must have assumed the aspect of a Hellenistic city. In
the reign of Aretas IV
Philopatris, (9 BC–40 AD), the fine tombs of the el-I~ejr [?] type may be
dated, and perhaps also the great High-place.

[edit]
Roman rule

In 106 AD, when Cornelius
Palma was governor of Syria, that part of Arabia under the rule
of Petra was absorbed into the Roman Empire as part of Arabia
Petraea, becoming capital. The native dynasty came to an end, but the city
continued to flourish. A century later, in the time of Alexander Severus,
when the city was at the height of its splendor, the issue of coinage comes to
an end. There is no more building of sumptuous tombs, owing apparently to some
sudden catastrophe, such as an invasion by the neo-Persian power under the Sassanid Empire.
Meanwhile, as Palmyra (fl. 130–270) grew in importance
and attracted the Arabian trade away from Petra, the latter declined. It seems,
however, to have lingered on as a religious centre. A Roman road was
constructed at the site. Epiphanius of
Salamis (c.315–403) writes that in his time a feast was held there on
December 25 in honor of the virgin Khaabou (Chaabou) and her
offspring Dushara (Haer. 51).[citation
needed]

[edit]
Decline

The narrow passage (Siq) that leads to
Petra

Petra declined rapidly under Roman rule, in large part from the revision of
sea-based trade routes. In 363 an earthquake destroyed many buildings, and
crippled the vital water management system.[13]
The ruins of Petra were an object of curiosity in the Middle Ages and were visited
by Sultan Baibars of Egypt
towards the end of the 13th century. The first European to describe them was
Johann Ludwig Burckhardt in 1812.

Because the structures weakened with age, many of the tombs became vulnerable
to thieves, and many treasures were stolen. In 1929, a four-person team,
consisting of British archaeologists Agnes Conway and George Horsfield,
Palestinian physician and folk-lore expert Dr Tawfiq Canaan and Dr
Ditlef Nielsen, a Danish scholar, excavated and surveyed Petra.[14]

[edit]
T. E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia)

In October, 1917, Lawrence, as part of a general effort to divert
Turkish military resources away from the British invasion of North Africa, led a
small force of Syrians and Arabians in defending Petra against a much larger
combined force of Turks and Germans. The Bedouin women living in the vicinity of
Petra and under the leadership of Sheik Khallil's wife were recruited to fight
in the defense of the city. The defenders were able to completely devastate the
Turkish/German forces.[15]

[edit]
Religion

The Theatre

The Nabataeans worshipped the Arab gods and goddesses of the
pre-Islamic times as
well as a few of their deified kings. One, Obodas I, was
deified after his death. Dushara was the main male god accompanied by his female
trinity: Al-‘Uzzá, Allat and Manāt. Many statues carved in
the rock depict these gods and goddesses.

The Monastery, Petra's largest monument, dates from the 1st century BC. It
was dedicated to Obodas I and is believed to be the symposium of Obodas the god.
This information is inscribed on the ruins of the Monastery (the name is the
translation of the Arabic "Ad Deir").

Christianity found its way
to Petra in the 4th century AD, nearly 500 years after the establishment of
Petra as a trade center. Athanasius
mentions a bishop of Petra (Anhioch. 10) named Asterius. At least one
of the tombs (the "tomb with the urn"?) was used as a church. An inscription in
red paint records its consecration "in the time of the most holy bishop Jason"
(447). After the Islamic conquest of 629–632
Christianity in Petra, as of most of Arabia, gave way to Islam. During the First
Crusade Petra was occupied by Baldwin I of the
Kingdom of
Jerusalem and formed the second fief of the barony of Al Karak (in the lordship of Oultrejordain) with the
title Château de la Valée de Moyse or Sela. It remained in the hands of
the Franks until
1189. It is still a titular see of the Catholic Church.[16]

Two Crusader-period castles are known in and around Petra. The first is
al-Wu'ayra and is situated just north of Wadi Musa. It can be viewed from the
road to "Little Petra". It is the castle of Valle Moise which was seized by a
band of Turks with the help of local Muslims and only recovered by the Crusaders
after they began to destroy the olive trees of Wadi Musa. The potential loss of
livelihood led the locals to negotiate surrender. The second is on the summit of
el-Habis in the heart of Petra and can be accessed via a flight of steps that
begins near the tomb complex known as "the Monastery".

According to Arab tradition, Petra is the spot where Moses (Musa) struck a
rock with his staff and water came forth, and where Moses' brother, Aaron (Harun), is buried, at Mount Hor,
known today as Jabal Haroun or Mount Aaron. The Wadi Musa or "Wadi of Moses" is
the Arab name for the narrow valley at the head of which Petra is sited. A
mountaintop shrine of Moses' sister Miriam was still shown to
pilgrims at the time of Jerome in the 4th century, but
its location has not been identified since.[17]

[edit]
Threats to Petra

The site suffers from a host of threats, including collapse of ancient
structures, erosion due to flooding and improper rainwater drainage, weathering
from salt upwelling, improper restoration of ancient structures, and
unsustainable tourism.[18]
The latter has increased substantially, especially since the site received
widespread media coverage in 2007 during the controversial New Seven
Wonders of the World Internet and cell phone campaign.[19]

In an attempt to reduce the impact of these threats, Petra National Trust
(PNT) was established in 1989. Over this time, it has worked together with
numerous local and international organizations on projects that promote the
protection, conservation and preservation of the Petra site.[20]

[edit]
Petra today

On December 6, 1985, Petra was designated a World Heritage
Site.

In 2006 the design of a Visitor Centre began. The Jordan Times
reported in December 2006 that 59,000 people visited in the two months October
and November 2006, 25% fewer than the same period in the previous year.[21]

[edit]
In popular culture

Petra was the main topic in John William Burgon's Poem Petra.
Referring to it as the inaccessible city which he had heard described but had
never seen. The Poem was awarded the Newdigate Prize in 1845 :

“

It seems no work of Man's creative hand,

by labour wrought as wavering fancy planned;

But from the rock as if by magic grown,

eternal, silent, beautiful, alone!

Not virgin-white like that old Doric shrine,

where erst Athena held her rites divine;

Not saintly-grey, like many a minster fane,

that crowns the hill and consecrates the plain;

But rose-red as if the blush of dawn,

that first beheld them were not yet withdrawn;

The hues of youth upon a brow of woe,

which Man deemed old two thousand years ago,

match me such marvel save in Eastern clime,

a rose-red city half as old as time.

”

The site is featured in films such as: Indiana
Jones and the Last Crusade, Arabian
Nights, Passion in the
Desert, Mortal Kombat:
Annihilation, Sinbad and
the Eye of the Tiger, and Transformers:
Revenge of the Fallen. It was recreated for the video games Spy Hunter
(2001), King's
Quest V, Lego Indiana
Jones and Sonic Unleashed and
appeared in the novels Left Behind, Appointment with
Death, The Eagle in the Sand
and The Red Sea
Sharks, the nineteenth book in The Adventures of
Tintin series. It featured prominently in the Marcus Didius Falco
mystery novel Last Act in
Palmyra.

In Blue Balliett's novel,
Chasing Vermeer, the
character Petra Andalee comes from the site.[22]
In Agatha Christie's, "Appointment with Death" (1938), the mysterious and
enigmatic Petra is the setting for a murder mystery featuring Hercule
Poirot.

The Sisters of Mercy
filmed their popular music video for "Dominion/Mother Russia" in and around Al
Khazneh ("The Treasury") in February 1988.

Petra was featured in episode 3 of the 2010 series "An
Idiot Abroad"

Petra is also the area filling the plot in the Left Behind series.

[edit]
Sister cities

Plovdiv, Bulgaria

[edit]
Gallery

Views of
Petra

El Deir ("The Monastery")

The Hadrien Gate and the Cardo Maximum in Petra

Petra is known as the Rose-Red City for the colour
of the rocks in which Petra is carved

The Great Temple of Petra

Ad Deir ("The Monastery") in 1839, by David
Roberts

The Petra Visitors Centre in Wadi Musa, the
closest town to the historic site

Drimia
maritima bulbs in Petra in early December (2010)

Sandstone Rock-cut
tombs (Kokhim) in Petra

Obelisk Tomb and the Triclinium

Street of Facades

The Silk Tomb

Uneishu Tomb

[edit]
See also

Mada'in Saleh

Ancient
Towns in Saudi Arabia

List of
colossal sculpture in situ

Ancient Near
East portal

[edit]
Notes

^ a
b
Petra

^ a
b
Major
Attractions: Petra, Jordan tourism board

^
Mish, Frederick C., Editor in Chief. “Petra.” Webster’s
Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary. 9th ed. Springfield,
Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster Inc.,
1985. ISBN
0-87779-508-8.

^ UNESCO advisory body evaluation

^ Davey, Steve.
"Unforgettable Places To See Before You Die", BBC,
12 December 2003.

^ Petra: Water Works

^ Geotimes – June 2004 – Petra: An Eroding Ancient City

^ *25. Mithcah -
Nu. 33:28-29 associated with Petra on the borders of Moab and Edom near Petra.

26. Hashmonah - Nu. 33:29-30 Ha Shmona Kiryat Shmona South

27. Moseroth - Nu. 33:30-31 described as the place where Aaron died at the foot of Mt
Hor (Petra)

28. Bene-Jaakan - Nu. 33:31-32 the wells of Jaakan Near Mt Hor
(Petra)

29. Petra - Nu. 33:32-33 Siq The cleft of the mountain, the entrance to
Petra

^ Genesis xiv. 6, xxxvi.
20–30; Deut. ii. 12.

^ Judges i. 36; Isaiah xvi. i, xlii.
11; Obad. 3.

^ 4Q462

^ Iain Browning,
Petra, Chatto & Windus, 1974. p. 109.

^ Glueck, Grace (2003-10-17). "ART REVIEW; Rose-Red City Carved From the Rock". The New
York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D03E3DF143EF934A25753C1A9659C8B63. Retrieved 2010-05-22.

^ Conway, A. and
Horsfield, G. 1930. Historical and Topographical Notes on Edom: with an
account of the first excavations at Petra. The Geographical Journal, 76 (5),
369-390.

^ Thomas,
Lowell, With Lawrence in Arabia, The Century Co., 1924, pps.[clarification
needed] 219-229

^  "Petra".
Catholic
Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.

^ Sacred Sites: Petra

^ Icomos.org, Heritage at Risk 2004/2005: Petra

^ "Heritage Conservation Grips Jordan's Petra Amid Booming
Tourism". Xinhua. November 3, 2007. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-11/03/content_7006318.htm.

^ Petra National Trust-About

^ 31,926 tourists visit Petra last month

^ Balliett, Blue (2004). Chasing Vermeer:
Afterwords by Leslie Budnick: Author Q&A. Scholastic. ISBN 0-439-37294-1.

[edit]
References

Bedal, Leigh-Ann (2004). The Petra
Pool-Complex: A Hellenistic Paradeisos in the Nabataean Capital. Piscataway,
NJ:
Gorgias Press. ISBN 1593331207.

Harty, Rosemary. "The
Bedouin Tribes of Petra Photographs: 1986–2003". http://www.digitaljournalist.org/issue0607/petra.html. Retrieved 2008-07-17.

Hill, John E. (2004). The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan
魚豢 : A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265
CE. http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html.
"Draft annotated English translation where Petra is referred to as the Kingdom
of Sifu."

Paradise, T. R. 2010. “Tourism and Chamber Humidity in Petra,
Jordan”. Journal of Architectural Conservation v16.2: 63-79.

Paradise, T. R. 2011. “Assessment of tomb humidity, tourism
policies, and surface recession in Petra, Jordan”. Annals of the Department of
Antiquities of Jordan (ADAJ) v.54: 151-174.

Paradise, T. R. 2005. “Weathering of sandstone architecture in
Petra, Jordan: influences and rates” in GSA Special Paper 390: Stone Decay in
the Architectural Environment: 39–49.

Paradise, T. R. 2002. “Sandsteinverwitterung und ausprägung in
Petra, Jordanien”, Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie v.46: 1-17.

Paradise, T. R. 2002. “Sandstone Weathering and Aspect in Petra,
Jordan”, Zeitscrift für Geomorphologie v.46: 1-17.

Paradise, T. R. 2000. “Architectural Deterioration and Cultural
Management Issues in Petra, Jordan: a decade of research”. UNESCO
International Congress on Culture & Monuments Proceedings (ICCROM),
Venice, Italy. 19 pp.

Paradise, T. R. 2000. “Architectural Deterioration and Aspect in
Petra, Jordan” American
Journal of Archaeology (AJA).

Paradise, T. R. 1998. "The Natural History and Landscape of
Petra" in Petra's Great Temple (editor Martha Joukowsky) Brown University
Press: Providence.

Paradise, T. R. 1995. "Sandstone Weathering Thresholds in Petra,
Jordan" in Physical Geography v.16:205-222.

Paradise, T. R. 1995. "Deterioration and Weathering of the Roman
Theater, Petra, Jordan" in American Journal of Archaeology v.99: 507-508.

Paradise, T. R. 1994. "Weathering of the Roman Theater in Petra,
Jordan" in American Journal of Archaeology v.98: 542-544
(July 1994).

Reid, Sara Karz (2006). The Small
Temple. Piscataway,
NJ:
Gorgias Press. ISBN 1593333390.
"Reid explores the nature of the small temple at Petra and concludes it is
from the Roman era."

Nelson Glueck (1959). Rivers in the Desert. HUC.

This article incorporates text from a
publication now in the public
domain: Chisholm,
Hugh, ed (1911). Encyclopædia
Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

[edit]
External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Petra

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Petra
Church

Petra In The Early 1800s

3D-tour
on Petra

Video on Petra

Petra
Archaeological Park

Smart e Guide, interactive map of Petra

Biblical
Archaeology Society, "Solving the Enigma of Petra and the Nabataeans",
Biblical Archaeology Review

Open Context, "Petra Great Temple Excavations (Archaeological
Data)", Open Context Publication of Archaeological Data from the 1993-2006 Brown University
Excavations at the Great Temple of Petra, Jordan

Petra iconicarchive, photo gallery

Petra - photo gallery

Petra History and Photo Gallery History with Maps

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